If you've seen the incredible upward momentum of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other cryptocurrencies, you've maybe also considered getting in on the action. Now, you're gonna learn how.

But first, a disclaimer: Bitcoin, Ethereum, and so many of the other cryptocurrencies out there can be a way to pay for stuff online, sure. And they can also be (if they aren't already more popular as) investments. And investments, you might know, can go up and down. You can gain money on them, or lose it. And those values can fluctuate wildly, as you might've also seen lately.

To put it simply: proceed with extreme caution. We're not here to tell you whether or not you should buy it, just to show you how you can pull it off.

That said, the rise of cryptocurrencies are an exciting moment for technology, and even if you don't want to actually buy any, it's worth knowing how it all works.

Let's begin where any investment starts—in your own wallet.

The wallet

Just like depositing money in the bank or buying a stock, you keep your cryptocoins in a digital account known as a wallet, which lets you store, receive, and send them.

But it's a bit more complicated than that, and there's some serious notes of precaution to be aware of with a wallet. Cryptocurrency won't just magically appear in your wallet out of thin air. You've gotta buy it, first. There are several ways to do that, but the easiest is to exchange a fiat currency—dollars, euros, pounds, etc—for some cryptocurrency. And the easiest place to do that is at an exchange.

The exchanges

Think of a cryptocurrency exchangeas a stock market for crypto. You register for it, deposit your fiat currency of choice, and then, you can buy yourself some crypto. But the cryptocurrency market is still fairly new—and it's not bound by the same laws and regulations as the stock market. So before you do anything else, remember this: Your money is never 100% safe.

The cryptocurrency markets have matured in recent years, but there's still a lot that can go wrong. There are scammers out there, aiming to separate you from your money. Software errors could theoretically wipe out your store of bitcoin. And there's always the possibility of user error (i.e. you screwing up) that can send your cryptocurrency out into the abyss.

Hackers can also break in and steal it. It's happened before; in the summer of 2017, $32M in Ethereum was stolen. One of the largest bitcoin exchanges, Mt. Gox, has had some of its bitcoin stolen, and it went bankrupt in 2014.

Many users who had their bitcoin in Mt. Gox are still waiting to get it back. And even if you didn't hold your bitcoin there, the incident triggered a massive price crash, in which Bitcoin lost over 70% of its value.

And yes—things have changed since Mt. Gox. There are well-funded exchanges out there, backed by well-known VC funds, overseen by regulatory bodies like the New York State Department of Financial Services. None of this guarantees your money as totally safe, though. Same with the new, decentralized exchanges that are coming—exchanges which promise to keep your money safe, by means of technology instead of authority. We'll come to see how well they work. That said?

If you're looking for your first exchange, you could do a lot worse than Coinbase, a U.S.-based cryptocurrency exchange with more than ten million users, operating in 32 countries around the world. Coinbase lets you deposit fiat money from a bank account, and trade Bitcoin, Ether, and Litecoin. And while there are hundreds of cryptocurrencies, these three are a very good, core trio. Each shows a lot of promise, each in its own different way.

Coinbase is pretty simple. You're never going to see stuff like cryptographic keys or QR codes, which may be intimidating to beginners. You can see how much you have in each of your accounts—dollar/euro, ETH (Ether), BTC (Bitcoin) and LTC (Litecoin)—and you can buy, sell, or send your crypto anywhere you like.

But Coinbase isn't without its drawbacks. For one thing, you don't have access to your private cryptographic keys—in other words, you don't actually control the cryptocurrency you have on Coinbase so much as you give it to Coinbase for safekeeping. Coinbase also charges some fairly big fees on transactions. Finally, there's a pretty long list of complaints on various crypto-related forums about Coinbase freezing customers' funds for dubious reasons.

Coinbase also lacks advanced options such as stop-loss orders or margin trading. If that's what you're looking for, take a look at (also U.S.-based) Kraken, which supports a larger number of cryptocurrencies and has more options.

Another alternative is the Luxembourg-based Bitstamp, which has been around for more than five years and has successfully navigated through many dark periods in Bitcoin's history. Bitfinex is another large exchange, although it was subpoenaed by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) in January 2018.

How do I actually start working with an exchange?

First, you register with a username and a password, as you would with any other online services. Then, you'll probably be required to send some proof that you are who you say you are—an ID scan, for example. This is good: You don't want to trade at an exchange that accepts just anyone, as that'd likely indicate that the exchange isn't audited to a high standard.

Once you've done that, you'll need to send some funds. On Coinbase and Kraken, the easiest way to do that is to follow the instructions on how to transfer the money from your bank account. In most cases, it'll just be a standard wire transfer, and you can probably get help at your bank if you're unsure what to do.

Then, you put in a buy order. You choose how much money you want to spend, and which cryptocurrency you want to buy. After a wait, which usually doesn't take too long, you'll see some BTC/ETH in your account.

Congrats, you just became the owner of some digital money. Selling is similar, and both buy and sell orders will cost you a little, so don't do it just for fun. There are fees for each BTC/ETH transaction; this is a part of the protocols. The exchange might have fees of its own, too, and exchange rates vary considerably from exchange to exchange.

I bought some crypto, what do I do now?

Before you open an account and buy your first cryptocurrency, you need to think long and hard why you need it in the first place. If you're here to trade, then just leave it on the exchange (or leave just enough so you can trade at volumes you're interested in).

All cryptocurrencies are extremely volatile, and you should be prepared to lose a large percentage of value in a flash. Bitcoin fluctuated wildly in the last few weeks of 2017, with its price rocketing up from $10,240 to $19,994 in early December before dropping by a quarter shortly afterwards. In January it completely crashed to around $10,000 before dipping to less than $9,000 in February.

However, the volatility is a risk you need to take if you're interested in trading. Day traders, who typically buy and sell many times during one day, have various way of mitigating risk, including never leaving an open position and using stop-loss orders. It's very much notrecommended to try to guess the market's sentiment in very short time frames, as it's extremely hard to do unless you're an expert.

If you bought into crypto for long-term value holding—say, if you believe that 1 BTC will one day trade at $10,000, and you're willing to sit through some rollercoaster rides to get there—you've got several options. Again, you can just leave your money in the exchange, but that increases the risk of getting swindled by the exchange itself, or a hacker breaking through its security. This risk gets smaller by the day, but it's real.

In January 2018, a hacker made off with 500 million NEM coins from Japanese cryptocurrency exchange Coincheck. The haul amounted to over $424 million USD.

There's a couple of things you can do to minimize that risk, most of which are obvious (for example: choose a good password for your account, store it securely, and enable two-factor authentication). Also, some exchanges such as Coinbase offer the service of a "vault," which lets you store your bitcoin in such a way that it takes a longer period of time and multiple checks for anyone, including you, to access it.

Alternatively, you can send your crypto to a wallet that you control. There are many software wallets, and some, like the mobile wallet Coinomi, support a large number of cryptocurrencies. Good wallets for Ethereum are MyEtherWallet and Parity. For Bitcoin, some popular choices include Electrum and Xapo, which has the added benefit of issuing you a pre-paid card which can be used to spend BTC in stores and ATMs.

Most wallets will create a new address for you, and you can send your BTC or ETH to that address. A small fee will be deducted and you're now in control of your funds. Again, this comes with certain risks. You could forget your password. You could get hacked. You could lose your smartphone (which is why you should always generate and keep a backup phrase somewhere if you have a mobile wallet).

You can also offload your funds to cold storage. This could either be a paper wallet—literally a piece of paper with an address, keys, and a QR code—or a hardware wallet, such as Trezor or Ledger, both of which work with multiple cryptocurrencies. Hardware wallets come with their own set of instructions, and creating a paper wallet goes beyond the scope of this text, but you'll find excellent tutorials online.

Keeping your funds offline makes them safe from hackers. But that doesn't mean they're impervious to real world threats. For example, a house fire could burn your paper wallet and its associated data, or a flood might destroy your hardware wallet. The main, crucial lesson is: have a backup.

But I want to do stuff with my crypto!

Perhaps you're not interested in saving or trading cryptocurrencies; you want to be an active part of the ecosystem. Things get a bit complicated here, as each cryptocurrency is different. With Bitcoin, you can buy stuff at numerous online (and even some offline) stores. Overstock, Steam, and Microsoft all accept Bitcoin in some capacity.

Cryptocurrency is also increasingly appearing as an option on real estate listings. Trulia had 80 listings with prices in crypto in January 2018 while Redfin numbered some 134.

For newcomers, this sort of approach is impractical, as most retailers that accept BTC also accept regular old cash, so converting your money to BTC just to buy something doesn't make much sense. But there are use cases for spending BTC in stores. Say you bought bitcoin a few years ago—you could be a millionaire right now, and you might want to spent some of that money. You can also send BTC to another user without an intermediary (this is what makes BTC great).

Ethereum, currently the second largest cryptocurrency in terms of market value, is different. Since Ethereum is more of a platform for decentralized applications and less of a payment system (it works as both, though), you'll need ETH to participate in token sales, and to build your own apps on the platform.

Regardless of your intent, the same logic applies. Keep the crypto that you won't need for a while in a secure wallet, a vault, or cold storage. And keep a separate wallet with a portion of your overall funds—perhaps a mobile one—for those daily transactions.

I'm a crypto god now, right?

While the above might be a lot to swallow for an absolute newcomer, there's a lot more to learn about cryptocurrencies. And as we said before, each cryptocurrency is a little different; they're constantly evolving, to say nothing of the new ones regularly popping up.

Above, you've got different options for buying your first bitcoin or bit of ether, options for storing them, and options for spending them. But again: It's your money. You're going to want to be covered. Do your best to read the FAQs and terms & conditions documents for each service you use.

Hidden fees and caveats of all sorts are possible. Most cryptocurrencies are decentralized by nature, but most apps that simplify the process of buying, selling and owning crypto are centralized, and you're forced to depend on the intentions and capabilities of the people who maintain them. For example, Coinbase has limits on how much money you can spend in a certain time frame; there's also a limit on how much you can hold in your account at any given time.

Mistakes are also possible. It's not hard to lose bitcoin by sending it somewhere and simply forgetting where. You'll be able to see the address and the transaction on the blockchain, but may not have access to the keys to retrieve it.

The best way to keep your BTC, ETH, and other cryptos safe is to educate yourself; read, re-read and learn until you really know what's happening before you click a button.

Trading cryptocurrencies may have tax implications depending on where you live. It might be a good option to talk to your bank or tax advisor before doing any of the above.

Finally, the standard disclaimer applies: Never put funds in risky assets if you're not prepared to lose them.

Disclosure: The author of this text owns, or has recently owned, a number of cryptocurrencies, including BTC and ETH.